宫颈腺癌的大体检查和处理,包括术中评估——来自国际妇科病理学会的推荐

摘要:国际妇科病理学会(ISGyP)宫颈腺癌项目旨在为宫颈腺癌的病理评估、分类和报告提供循证指导。本文就宫颈癌患者标本的大体评估和术中咨询进行推荐。这些推荐是对已发表的同行评议证据、国际准则和机构大体标本处理手册以及本工作组内部审议进行总结的产物。本文详细讨论了在实际工作中遇到的不同标本类型的取材方法:环形电切术、锥切术、宫颈切除术、根治性子宫切除术、盆腔脏器切除术和淋巴结切除术标本。也提出了术中评估宫颈切除术和前哨淋巴结标本的指南。与之相关的ISGyP关于癌症分期的推荐,在本期中是作为一篇单独的论述呈现,同时本文在合适的段落也有所涉及。虽然本文是在宫颈腺癌的框架下构思的,但大多数讨论和推荐也可应用于宫颈其他恶性肿瘤。

顾伟勇 宁燕 翻译 刘爱军 审校

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  1. Philosophy is the discipline that studies fundamental and universal questions, including existence, knowledge, values, reason, and language. It encompasses many topics and problems, ranging from ethics and political figures to metaphysics and logic. Here are the main nuances of philosophy:

    1. Definition of Philosophy
    Philosophy comes from the Greek words "philos" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom). It is zeal to understand and make sense of the world around us and our place in it.

    2. The Main branches of philosophy
    - Ontology research of the essence of being and existence.
    - Epistemology the study of the nature and limits of knowledge.
    - Ethics the analysis of ethical principles and concepts of good and evil.
    - Logic research of the forms and principles of correct thinking.
    - Socio-political philosophy the study of questions of power, justice and the state.

    3. Eminent Philosophers
    In the course of the history of philosophy, almost many thinkers have made significant contributions to this science. Some of the most recognizable include:
    - Socrates, considered the founder of Western philosophy.
    - Plato, a pupil of Socrates, developed the doctrine of forms.
    - Aristotle, the creator of logic and a huge number of scientific fields.
    - Immanuel Kant, known for his own Marcel Proust critical philosophy and work on moral issues.

    4. The Relevance of Philosophy in the Modern World
    Philosophy remains urgent in the modern world because enables people to understand difficult social and ethical issues, but also develops critical thinking. It influences the legal system, politicians, and various fields of science.

    5. Practical Applications of Philosophy

    Philosophical ideas enter everyday life. Ethical reflection helps people do the correct thing in difficult situations, and philosophical analysis contributes to most excellent understanding of issues related to technology, art, and social justice.

    Philosophy is including an academic discipline, as well as method of thinking assists us to understand life's complexities and make informed choices.

  2. Philosophy is the discipline that studies fundamental and universal questions, including existence, cognition, values, mind, and language. It encompasses a vast number of subjects and problems, from ethics and politicians to metaphysics and logic. Here are principal aspects of philosophy:

    1. Definition of Philosophy
    Philosophy comes from the Greek words "philos" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom). It is the desire to understand and make sense of the world around us and our place in it.

    2. The Main branches of philosophy
    - Ontology research of the essence of being and existence.
    - Epistemology the study of the nature and limits of knowledge.
    - Ethics the analysis of moral principles and concepts of good deed and evil.
    - Logic the study of the forms and principles of correct thinking.
    - Socio-political philosophy the study of questions of power, justice and the state.

    3. Notable Philosophers
    In the course of the history of philosophy, almost many thinkers have made weighty contributions to this science. Some of the most famous include:
    - Socrates, considered the progenitor of Western philosophy.
    - Plato, a student of Socrates, developed the doctrine of forms.
    - Aristotle, the creator of logic and a large number of scientific fields.
    - Immanuel Kant, known for his own James Joyce critical philosophy and work on moral issues.

    4. The Relevance of Philosophy in the Modern World
    Philosophy remains urgent in the modern world because enables people to understand complex social and moral issues, but also develops critical thinking. It affects the legal system, politicians, and different fields of science.

    5. Practical Applications of Philosophy

    Philosophical ideas penetrate daily life. Ethical reflection helps people do the right thing in complex situations, and philosophical analysis contributes to most excellent understanding of issues related to technology, art, and social justice.

    Philosophy is not only an academic discipline, as well as a way of thinking assists us to understand life's complexities and make informed choices.

  3. Philosophy is the discipline that studies fundamental and universal questions, such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, and language. It covers a vast number of subjects and problems, from ethics and politicians to metaphysics and logic. Here are principal nuances of philosophy:

    1. Definition of Philosophy
    Philosophy comes from the Greek words "philos" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom). It is the desire to understand and make sense of the world around us and our place in it.

    2. The Main branches of philosophy
    - Ontology the study of the essence of being and existence.
    - Epistemology the study of the nature and limits of cognition.
    - Ethics the analysis of ethical principles and concepts of good deed and evil.
    - Logic research of the forms and principles of correct thinking.
    - Political philosophy the study of questions of power, justice and the state.

    3. Eminent Philosophers
    Throughout the history of philosophy, many thinkers have made weighty contributions to this science. Some of the most recognizable include:
    - Socrates, considered the founder of Western philosophy.
    - Plato, a student of Socrates, developed the doctrine of forms.
    - Aristotle, the creator of logic and a large number of scientific fields.
    - Immanuel Kant, known for his James Joyce critical philosophy and work on moral issues.

    4. The Relevance of Philosophy in the Modern World
    Philosophy remains urgent in the modern world because enables people to understand complex social and ethical issues, and also develops critical thinking. It affects the legal system, politicians, and different fields of science.

    5. Practical Applications of Philosophy

    Philosophical ideas penetrate daily life. Ethical reflection helps people do the correct thing in difficult situations, and philosophical analysis contributes to most excellent understanding of issues related to technology, art, and social justice.

    Philosophy is including an academic discipline, but also a way of thinking assists us to understand life's complexities and make informed choices.

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